ABSTRACT
Lumbar vertebral dimensions provide vital clinical information of immense diagnostic benefits to medical experts. The present study provides data for lumbar vertebral dimensions of a cohort of specimens of South African females and males. Measurements were obtained from lumbar vertebrae from the osteological collections in the Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine using a digital caliper. The antero-posterior body diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD), midsagittal diameter (MSD) and pedicle length (PL) were measured while ratio of MSD to APD was calculated. Results showed gradual increase from L1 to L5 for mean APD and IPD, and a decrease for mean PL from L1 to L5. Mean MSD was observed to present a "U" curve pattern from L1 to L5, while MSD/APD ratio decreased from L2 downwards. We report that certain lumbar dimensions also showed significant correlation with age at distinct lumbar levels. The present data provides a baseline of lumbar vertebral morphology for the South African adult cohort and requires further investigations with larger cohort.
Las dimensiones lumbares vertebrales proporcionan información vital en la clínica para alcanzar un diagnóstico correcto. El presente estudio proporciona datos de las dimensiones vertebrales lumbares en una cohorte de hombres y mujeres de Sudáfrica. Las mediciones de las vértebras lumbares se obtuvieron de colecciones osteológicas correspondientes a la Cátedra de Anatomía Clínica, de la Escuela de Medicina Nelson Mandela. Se utilizó un calibrador digital. Se midieron el diámetro antero-posterior del cuerpo vertebral (DPA), la distancia interpedicular (DIP), el diámetro sagital mediano (DSM) y la longitud del pedículo (LP); y se calculó la relación de DSM con DPA. Los resultados mostraron un aumento gradual de L1 a L5 para la mediana de DPA y DIP, y una disminución de la media de LP de L1 a L5. La media de DSM presentó un patrón de curva en "U" de L1 a L5, mientras que el índice DSM / DPA disminuyó de L2 hacia inferior. Ciertas dimensiones lumbares también mostraron una correlación significativa con la edad en los distintos niveles lumbares. El presente estudio proporciona datos acerca de la morfología vertebral lumbar para una cohorte de adultos de Sudáfrica, y consideramos que se requieren de más investigaciones con una cohorte más amplia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Lumbar Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Sex Factors , South AfricaABSTRACT
Testicular toxicity has been implicated in highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) treatment. Hence there is need to identify an effective antioxidant product that can alleviate testicular necrosis due to HAART administration. Forty eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into eight (8) groups: A-H (n= 6). Group A animals received normal saline as the control; Group B was given Nevirapine (Nv); Group C was given Kolaviron (Kv); Group D was given vitamin C; Group E was given Nv and Kv; Group F was given Nv and Vitamin C; Group G was given Nv for 56 d and Kv for 28 d serving as a withdrawal group; Group H was given corn oil. Nv, Kv and Vit. C were given at 1.54, 200 and 250 (mg·kg)/bw respectively while all administrations were through oral gavage. The body weights were taken every other day. Thereafter, they were anaesthetized with halothane. The testes were excised, weighed, fixed in Bouin's fluid and stained with H&E while the epididymes removed for semen fluid analyses. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in sperm motility in group E (Nevirapine + kolaviron) when compared with group F (Nevirapine + Vitamin C) while Sperm count was not significantly different (P>0.05) across the groups. The testicular histoarchitectural studies revealed indistinct spermatogonia, necrotic interstititial endocrine cells in the altered interstitial space, fragmented spermatids, atrophy of mature spermatocytes, degenerated germ cells, obliterated seminiferous tubules lumen, undifferentiated spermatogonia and cellular debris in the somniferous tubules lumen of nevirapine administered group but normal across the other groups. In the testis, there were no significant reduction in SOD, Catalase and GPx activities but a significant decrease in GST activity (P<0.001) when group E was compared with group F. In conclusion, vitamin C presents a better remediation in nevirapine induced spermiotoxicity compared to kolaviron in Sprague-Dawley rats.
La toxicidad testicular ha sido implicada en la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (TARAA). Por lo tanto existe la necesidad de identificar un producto antioxidante eficaz que pueda aliviar la necrosis testicular en la administración de la TARAA. Cuarenta y ocho ratas macho Sprague-Dawley adultas fueron utilizadas. Los animales se dividieron en ocho (8) grupos: AH (n= 6). Grupo A, animales recibieron solución salina normal como el control; Grupo B, recibió Nevirapina (Nv); Grupo C, recibió Kolaviron (Kv); Grupo D, recibió vitamina C; Grupo E, recibió Nv y Kv; Grupo F, recibió Nv y vitamina C; Grupo G, recibió Nv durante 56 d y Kv por 28 d como un grupo de retirada; Grupo H, recibió aceite de maíz. Nv, Kv y Vit. C se administraron en dosis de 1, 54, 200 y 250 (mg · kg) de peso corporal respectivamente; todas las administraciones fueron por sonda oral. Los pesos corporales se tomaron cada dos días. A partir de ese momento los animales fueron anestesiados con halotano. Los testículos fueron extirpados, pesados y fijados en solución de Bouin y teñidos con H&E, mientras que el epidídimo se retiró para analizar el semen. Los resultados mostraron un descenso (p<0,05) en la motilidad de los espermatozoides en el grupo E (Nevirapina + Kolaviron) en comparación con el grupo F (Nevirapina + vitamina C), mientras que el recuento espermático no mostró diferencias significativas (P>0,05) entre los grupos. El estudio de la histoarquitectura testicular reveló espermatogonias indiferenciadas, con células intersticiales necróticas en el espacio intersticial y espermátidas fragmentadas. Además, en el grupo que recibió Nevirapina mostró espermatocitos maduros atrofiados, degeneración de células germinales, lumen de los túbulos seminíferos obliterados, espermatogonias indiferenciadas y restos celulares en el lumen de los tubulos seminíferos. En el resto de los grupos los resultados fueron normales. En el testículo hubo una reducción significativa en las actividades de la superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutatión peroxidasa, pero una disminución significativa en la actividad glutatión S-transferasa (P <0,001) al comparar los grupo E y F.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Garcinia kola/chemistry , Nevirapine/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Superoxide Dismutase/antagonists & inhibitors , Testis/drug effects , Anti-HIV Agents/toxicity , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Biflavonoids/pharmacology , Body Weight , Catalase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glutathione Peroxidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Seeds , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Testis/enzymology , Testis/pathologyABSTRACT
Aims: This study is to provide scientific basis for the folkloric use of Sphenocentrum jollyannum roots in the management and/control of Diabetes mellitus. The effects of the extract on blood glucose level and serum lipid profile in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The efficacy was also compared with that of glibenclamide, a known antidiabetic drug. Study Design: Experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and Department of Chemical Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, between November, 2010 and April, 2012. Methodology: Twenty four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (A, B C and D) of six rats each and used for this research. Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups B, C and D by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. Group A, the control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Group B diabetic rats were untreated while groups C and D received Methanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (MESJ) (200mg/kg) and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) once daily for two weeks respectively. Results: The result showed a significant (P < 0.05) fall in blood glucose and serum lipid levels with MESJ and glibenclamide administration. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the raise of lipids in serum and improvement in the lipid levels to an almost normal condition was also observed. Conclusion: Sphenocentrum jollyanum roots possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on diabetic rats lending credence to its use in the traditional management and/or control of Diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT
Aims: This study is to provide scientific basis for the folkloric use of Sphenocentrum jollyannum roots in the management and/control of Diabetes mellitus. The effects of the extract on blood glucose level and serum lipid profile in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The efficacy was also compared with that of glibenclamide, a known antidiabetic drug. Study Design: Experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and Department of Chemical Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, between November, 2010 and April, 2012. Methodology: Twenty four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (A, B C and D) of six rats each and used for this research. Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups B, C and D by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. Group A, the control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Group B diabetic rats were untreated while groups C and D received Methanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (MESJ) (200mg/kg) and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) once daily for two weeks respectively. Results: The result showed a significant (P < 0.05) fall in blood glucose and serum lipid levels with MESJ and glibenclamide administration. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the raise of lipids in serum and improvement in the lipid levels to an almost normal condition was also observed. Conclusion: Sphenocentrum jollyanum roots possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on diabetic rats lending credence to its use in the traditional management and/or control of Diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT
The microarchitecture of the pangolin's stomach favouring the high chitinous diet has been less waived into, despite extensive morphological investigations. Histological analysis of the microanatomy will provide powerful tools for interpretation to yield reliable insights. We investigated this by fixing the tissues in 10 percent formol saline for histological analysis. Serial sections at 5 micron m thickness were subjected to general staining methods for light microscopic study (Haematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson's and Verhoeff's). The results revealed basic structural arrangements in their coats, with a modification of the epithelial lining of cardia and fundus into stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. These modifications were also reflected in the distribution of collagen and elastic fibers in the various layers (coats) of the stomach. The present study has shown that there was an adaptation of the stomach of African tree pangolin to its diet as reflected in the microarchitectural configuration.
La micro arquitectura del estómago de los pangolines que favorece la alta dieta de chitinous sido poco tomada en cuenta, a pesar de las amplias investigaciones morfológicas. El análisis histológico de la microanatomía proporcionará herramientas de gran importancia para la interpretación, junto con dar una información confiable. Se investigó mediante la fijación de los tejidos en solución salina de formol al 10 por ciento para análisis histológico. Las serie de secciones fueron sometidos a métodos de tinción estándar para el estudio con microscopía de luz (hematoxilina y eosina, Van Gieson y Verhoeff s). Los resultados revelaron adaptaciones estructurales básicas en sus capas, con una modificación del revestimiento epitelial del cardias y fundus en epitelio escamoso estratificado (queratinizado). Estas modificaciones también se reflejan en la distribución de colágeno y fibras elásticas en las diversas capas del estómago. El presente estudio ha demostrado que es una adaptación del estómago a la dieta como se refleja en la configuración de la microarquitectura.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/veterinary , Stomach/anatomy & histology , Stomach/cytology , Stomach/ultrastructure , Mammals/anatomy & histology , Mammals/embryology , Africa, Western/ethnology , Dissection/methods , Dissection/veterinary , Gastric Mucosa/anatomy & histology , Gastric Mucosa/cytology , Gastric Mucosa/ultrastructure , Histological Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
The histological and morphometric differences in some parts of the gastrointestinal tracts of rat, bat and pangolin have been well established. This investigation aims at comparatively elucidating any adaptational changes the ileum of the three mammals must have adopted to meet its dietary requirements and also cope with their morphological differences. The investigation was carried out using ten rats, ten bats and ten pangolins of both sexes. The animals were slightly anaesthetized under chloroform inhalation. The intestines were harvested and the ileum excised and fixed in 10 percent formol saline. The tissues were processed for light microscopic study. The following stains were employed: Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Van Gieson and Verhoeff's haematoxylin elastic tissue stain. Stained slides were also analysed morphometrically. The results revealed microstructural modifications which characterized the mucosa as well as the pattern of distribution of the conjuntive tissue fibers in the ileum of the three mammals. These modifications are means of successfully coping with their respective diets and morphological differences.
Las diferencias histológicas y morfométricas en algunas partes del tubo digestivo de ratas, murciélagos y pangolines han sido bien establecidos. Esta investigación tiene por objeto aclarar comparativamente cualquier cambio de adaptación del íleon de los tres mamíferos que hayan adoptado para satisfacer sus necesidades dietéticas y también hacer frente a sus diferencias morfológicas. La investigación se llevó a cabo usando 10 ratas, 10 murciélagos y 10 pangolines, de ambos sexos. Los animales fueron ligeramente anestesiados bajo inhalación de cloroformo. Los intestinos fueron expuestos, el íleon extirpado y fijado en formol salino al 10 por ciento. Los tejidos fueron procesados para su estudio por microscopía de luz. Los siguientes tinciones fueron empleadas: Hematoxilina y eosina (H & E), Van Gieson y tinción de hematoxilina para tejidos elásticos de Verhoeff. Los cortes teñidos también se analizaron morfométricamente. Los resultados revelaron modificaciones microestructurales características de la mucosa, así como el patrón de distribución de las fibras de tejido conjuntivo en el íleon de los tres mamíferos. Estas modificaciones son el medio para entender sus diferencias en la dieta y morfología respectivamente.